Which car brand has the highest maintenance cost? Honda, Hyundai, or Volkswagen?

I’m planning to buy a second-hand car and have shortlisted a few options from Honda, Hyundai, and Volkswagen. Before making a decision, I want to understand the maintenance costs associated with these brands. 1. Which brand has the highest maintenance cost? 2. Is the difference in maintenance costs between these brands significant? I’m particularly interested in real-world experiences from owners, so if you’ve owned or currently own a car from any of these brands, your input would be really helpful. Thanks in advance!